miércoles, 25 de octubre de 2023
viernes, 3 de febrero de 2023
Conversatorio: Historia y Desarrollo de la Psicología Cultural*
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Puede hallar permisos más allá de los concedidos con esta licencia en https://nomosyphisisgalarzacid.blogspot.com/2023/02/conversatorio-historia-y-desarrollo-de.html
miércoles, 10 de agosto de 2022
PSICOSOCIOLOGÍA DEL RESENTIMIENTO Por Juan Manuel Martínez Alonso*
*Licenciado en Psicología y Maestría en Psicología Social por la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla.. Docente de la Licenciatura de Psicología de la UAT
Alexandre Cabanel: El ángel caído. Francia, 1847
PSICOSOCIOLOGÍA DEL RESENTIMIENTO Por Juan Manuel Martínez Alonso
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viernes, 17 de septiembre de 2021
HEGEL, BREVE INTRODUCCIÓN A SU FILOSOFÍA Abraham Galarza Cid
Vincent van Gogh: campesina cortando paja
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqfwcL2nDW3xXukpd74g_HJ3iIkAthD0cXc8-AKLIyAGWOHy9Rx7OPsBCNfjZgViIqYRD06CjjKIou1Q1G5vBP9v81ME0MyBoXEIBlK6ay9mwWsfEx9BU9BTJzdVRzD_7DHaEbahfYKlg/s320/SATURNO+DEVORANDO+A+SUS+HIJOS.jpg)
Francisco de Goya: Cronos devorando a su hijo
Franz Von Stuck: Sísifo
Referencias bibliográficas:
HEGEL, A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO
HIS PHILOSOPHY
Abraham Galarza Cid
“I perceive everything
simultaneously. I perceive everything at the same time and from all possible
angles. I am part of the billions of lives that have preceded me. I exist in
all human beings and all human beings exist in me. In an instant I see at once
the whole history of man, past and present.” Frank Belknap Long: The Dogs of
Tindalos
Becoming
Hegel conceives reality as
constant change, it manifests itself as time. But time is not a mechanism that
is automatically activated. It is our actions that give rise to its unfolding.
Thus, our biological activity makes us emerge into life, the self-dynamism of
life makes us pass through a process that makes us a cell, an embryo until we
come to light as babies. This self-dynamism continues outside the mother's womb
and we pass into the condition of children, young people, old adults and
inevitably ends in our death. During that same period we perform actions that
make us move from one social condition from one type of person to another, from
single to married or divorced, students, employees, dropouts etc. At a higher
level of complexity, society follows the same route: from small groups we go on
to become tribes, villages, towns, national states, empires, tyrannies,
democracies, and so on. And so, continuously, we go from being something to
being the opposite of what we were before. The concept of becoming reflects
this condition of our temporality: passing from the condition of being
something, as we transit to being something else, to finally no longer being
something. Our actions, voluntary or autonomous and unconscious, construct a
transitory identity that leads us to another condition, while denying the
previous one, to finally cease to be. This perspective seems to be pessimistic
with respect to our individual destiny and it is so if we only see it from that
moment of temporality. In reality, our individual being, partial and ephemeral,
is part of a broader, permanent and at the same time dynamic one that includes
all individual moments and entities, as well as the legacy they have left,
which is why Hegel did not hesitate to call it Absolute.
From the Subjective Spirit to the
Absolute Spirit
In this transition from the
particular being to the absolute being emerges a phenomenon called
consciousness, which also unfolds in that space of human transformation that we
call History. The theme of the consciousness that knows a world, or of a subject
facing an object, is essential for the whole of philosophy, a theme that, in
trying to specify the type of relationship that both poles have, has generally
been understood in terms of separation and passivity: the subject allows itself
to be determined by the object for empiricism, and thus the human mind emerges,
which remains juxtaposed to the object; in rationalism the subject, from mere
contemplation and the pure activity of its mind determines the being of the
world, in a permanent mental relationship at a distance. Moreover, it conceives
this relationship as timeless; it disregards our corporeality, our history, the
tools of culture that drive the birth and growth of the human spirit. Another
important feature is that, tacitly, this spirit is conceived as that of an
individual, whereas for Hegel this subject is collective.
Since we emerge from nature we
confront it by transforming it to satisfy our needs, the subject confronts the
object to transform it, not to contemplate it, he does so by denying it as
nature in order to affirm it as the humanized. An individual does not confront
nature, but the species, and neither does he do it in a moment or in a
metaphysical timelessness, but in the time of the collective subject: History,
as we have already mentioned. Its practical relationship with the world
transforms the object but also itself as subject, which is reflected in the
institutions it founds throughout history, in its cultural creations, which are
never homogeneous but heterogeneous, and in its ethical and political codes,
This collective subject transforms itself qualitatively, since its way of
thinking about justice, law, art, etc. points to a dynamic thought that does
not have a fixed form to define its creations: thus, in politics and law,
humanity initially organizes its codes so that only one man is free and the rest
are slaves; centuries later, this same collective human spirit, transformed by
its own actions in history, creates legal codes so that all are free and equal.
The mind of the individual (with its peculiar ways of knowing: sensibility, and
understanding), is only a moment of the spirit. In its phenomenology, the whole
of humanity, which collectively transforms the world in history, is the full
and complete spirit, that is, the Absolute Spirit.
Although the human spirit in its
absolute form is unitary, it is not homogeneous, for contradiction is always
latent. The relations between human beings acquire a prototypical form: the
confrontation between masters and slaves. In the reproduction of his life, the
subject impregnates nature with human spirituality, but does not find an echo
of his greatness in mute nature; the full human being is the one who is
recognized as such, but can only be full in the gaze of another. To be
recognized as supreme being, before other men, seems to be a constant in the
history of mankind, from “the great conquerors” to the most ordinary men who
lead criminal groups, all have had this terrible obsession. In general, all of
them take possession of other human beings and turn them from subjects into
objects, work animals that satisfy their needs. But the slave is that subject
who confronts the object, transforming it and, at the same time, transforming
himself spiritually. The great creations of the human spirit are the work of
slaves, not of masters, although the names of the slaves are lost in the
obscurity of becoming.
Logic and Dialectics
Traditionally, philosophy has
sought to grasp reality through the use of a logic that defines and fixes its
permanent qualities. Thus we can distinguish between contingent qualities
(those which things have, but which they can cease to have without ceasing to
be what they are) and necessary qualities (those which they have and cannot
cease to have) of reality. Chairs, for example, have both contingent (their
color, the material they are made of, whether they have four legs or another
structure, etc.) and necessary characteristics (an individual seat, a backrest,
and a structure that arranges it without the risk of making its user fall to
the floor). Its identity is fixed by taking it out of the context in which
chairs exist in order to establish it, in thought, as a universal structure
that clearly outlines the essence, and therefore its identity as a chair. But
chairs are first raw materials (wood, minerals, oil, etc.), human needs
(resting, sitting to do certain activities better), and the intellectual and bodily
capacities to make chairs. In other words: chairs are also located in the
becoming, they are produced, they are released, they are used for a certain
time, they become old (they become moth-eaten, they break, they become ugly,
they go out of fashion, they are discarded or recycled). Logic has managed to
create the image of the chair by taking it out of time and out of the context
of the life cycle of the chair, this image is like a photograph of the times
when this device was invented, when you had to pose completely still in order to
be photographed properly.
The philosophy prior to Hegel,
from Parmenides to Kant, passing through empiricism, in its effort to catch the
permanence of reality, tries to stop the flow of becoming, interrupting the
action of the world that produces that becoming, thus operating: eliminating
what the chair is not, which we will call “B” properties: raw material, its
contingent qualities such as color, material, shape; the human needs that give
rise to the chair (which also includes whims that produce chairs with exotic
materials and shapes, as well as the economic possibilities to have cheap or
luxury chairs; the history of furniture, that space that makes it possible to
expand the range of materials and designs; and finally its discard time).
Chairs are then defined by their permanent and necessary properties (an
individual seat, a backrest, and a structure that disposes it without the risk
of making its user fall to the floor). We will call these properties “A”.
Thus we have, in philosophy prior
to Hegel, that the identity of the chair, or of any entity in the world
operates as follows: “A = A”, the absurdity is that the chair or any entity is
thus: “A = B”. In order to be clear about Hegel's original contribution, it is
important to keep in mind that “B” represents the world of the becoming of the
chairs described in the previous paragraph.
It is true that A = A or that the
chair is equal to its necessary properties, but that is an incomplete truth,
the full and absolute truth of the chair is A = B; the chair is also the
history of its becoming. Philosophy prior to Hegel operates with a logic of
negation, of separation, of concealment, to finally mislead the becoming in its
way of thinking reality. The Hegelian dialectic is an effort to integrate what
has been denied, in order to be able to think in a complete way the whole
process of reality. In the previous philosophy a moment of becoming has been
fixed, giving rise to the logic of identity, A = A; this is a result of the way
in which philosophy attempts to grasp reality: from contemplation. To
contemplate is to stop action, to stop doing so that this moment of becoming
may last. In Hegel action and contemplation are part of the same reality, just
as the necessary and the contingent, becoming and permanence, which are
connected in a non-obvious way; society has to mobilize itself throughout
history, to create reality through the whole of its praxis, so that the
philosopher can then interpret it: “The owl of Minerva only takes flight at
nightfall. (Hegel, 1985).
Hegel, the Sisyphus of hope
Cronus, the original father of
the Greek gods, devours his children, thus becoming, our father, ends up
devouring us all. Sisyphus the tragic hero carries the huge rock to the top of
the mountain to see it crumble and is condemned to repeat this cycle for
eternity. In Hegel, as we mentioned earlier, the individual spirit is only a
moment of the absolute spirit. Every person who comes into the human world
strives to raise his life to a certain peak, suddenly the jaws of Cronus open,
he falls, and is lost in the abyss of oblivion. Nevertheless, this person,
during the brief span of his life, contributed, in a thousand ways, without
knowing it, to the maintenance of the Absolute Spirit. For example, he happily
left his parents' home, without fully understanding their melancholy, to found
“his own life”. He had children, and every day he strove, without knowing it,
to dissolve his own family: over the years he worked hard so that his children
would one day leave home with the daily strength and wisdom to found another
family. Having done this cost him many sacrifices that ended up undermining his
life, he did not mind, on the contrary, this renunciation made him a happy
person, this happiness is not an individual yearning, but the act of giving
life to life and helping it to grow. Social revolutions are not something very
different, someone fights and dies to give freedom to another generation. These
actions are one of the finest threads of the reality of the Absolute Spirit,
without them, it could not exist.
Hegelian mysticism and God
God is everywhere, knows
everything and sees everything, while the individual is in a finite moment and
space, his gaze is of little scope and his knowledge of the world is
fragmented. Hegel uses a beautiful metaphor of mystical origin to express all
the splendor of collective human thought, of that humanity that is everywhere,
that knows everything and sees everything, (since everything it can know is the
product of its praxis), of that spirit of all-encompassing pretensions present
in its most exalted creations: myth, art, science, technology and philosophy,
that spirit that is not only activity, but collective memory, and of work,
since the knowledge generated in the past guides exploration towards the
future. It is the revolutionary Spirit that, at the end of the flight of
Minerva's owl, hoped that all humanity would be free, more creative, more
worthy, resembling God.
Note: This work was carried out
seeking to fulfill two objectives: 1) to present Hegel to a certain type of
readers outside the field of philosophical academic training, but who at the
same time have a genuine interest and find it pleasurable to approach this type
of thought. 2) It is inevitable to make an interpretation and a conceptual
reworking when presenting someone else's work, especially if it is a genuinely
philosophical author and so distant in time and space from ours; therefore, I
feel obliged to clarify from which idea I am writing this interpretation: Hegel
is a very important author for thinking about our times, in which a way of
thinking of people as “individuals” who live juxtaposed in something fragmented
called “society” predominates, living their experience of the world in the here
and now. Hegel, on the contrary, invites us to rethink ourselves as part of
something broader than the limits of our subjectivity, and makes us see that we
are part of a reality that goes beyond our subjective time and invites us to
share a sense of life that links us to the generations of the past and the
future, seeking to make this world a more dignified place for all.
Translated with DeepL.com (free
version)
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HEGEL, BREVE INTRODUCCIÓN A SU FILOSOFÍA por Abraham Galarza Cid se distribuye bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional.
Basada en una obra en http://nomosyphisisgalarzacid.blogspot.com/2021/09/hegel-breve-introduccion-su-filosofia.html.
domingo, 4 de julio de 2021
El acenso del hombre, por Jacobo Bronowski
lunes, 7 de junio de 2021
LOS ROSTROS DE LA RAZON INSTRUMENTAL Y LA VIOLENCIA COTIDIANA EN MEXICO Abraham Galarza Cid
García, Prudencio/Red Voltaire (jueves 8, abril 2021) Kaibiles: horrendo experimento de Estados Unidos. DISPONIBLE EN: https://contralinea.com.mx/kaibiles-horrendo-experimento-de-estados-unidos/
Rand, Ayn (2009) La Virtud del Egoísmo, Grito Sagrado
Editorial, Buenos Aires
Solís González, José Luis Neoliberalismo y crimen organizado
en México: El surgimiento del Estado narco.
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Creado a partir de la obra en http://nomosyphisisgalarzacid.blogspot.com/2021/06/los-rostros-de-la-razon-instrumental-y.html.